Endosomal membrane system. Learn its types, structure, and functions.
Endosomal membrane system. Comprised of a complex membranous network, wherein each vesicle can in principle move autonomously throughout the cell, the endosomal system operates as a coherent unit to optimally face external challenges and maintain homeostasis. 2005). 6. 3 c). Endomembrane system Detail of the endomembrane system and its components The endomembrane system is composed of the different membranes (endomembranes) that are suspended in the cytoplasm within a eukaryotic cell. Feb 10, 2025 · Abstract Endosomal escape is a pivotal barrier in LNP-mediated therapeutics, determining whether RNA payloads reach the cytoplasm for successful translation. Three main endosome compartments exist: early, late and recycling Jan 1, 2017 · In eukaryotic cells, receptor-mediated endocytosis releases cargo-loaded vesicles at the plasma membrane. Yet, the endosomal pathway includes membrane systems that are different from the plasma membrane. 3 Endosomes Endosomes are vacuolar/tubular compartments of the endocytic system distributed in the cytoplasm, showing varied size and composition (reviewed in115–117). After this step, coronaviruses enter cells by direct fusion with the plasma membrane or by endocytosis and further fusion with the endosomal membrane. Aug 3, 2020 · The endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT)-III complex is the major membrane remodelling complex that drives intra-lumenal-vesicle (ILV) formation on endosomal membranes. The endomembrane system in eukaryotic cells includes cell membrane, nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, vacuoles, and lysosomes. 2). Jul 6, 2012 · Some nucleic acid delivery systems successfully attain high cellular uptake, but fail to achieve good transfection, partly due to their deficiency of endosomolytic property (Medina-Kauwe, Xie et al. Oct 31, 2018 · The regulated maturation of endosomal compartments is thus critical for regulating the levels of many membrane receptors critical to neuronal development, synaptogenesis and nervous system function. The primary function of endosomes relates to the transportation of extracellular material into the intracellular domain. This review explains how lipid composition—especially ionizable lipids—facilitates escape through membrane destabilization and phase transitions. The term endosome relates to the “receptacle-like” nature of these organelles, which receive cargo molecules endocytosed from the plasma membrane. May 9, 2016 · Thus, also in the endocytic pathway specific tethers must exist that control the fusion of membranes. Fusion with cell membranes is possible only after proteolytic processing of spike, so the entry site depends on the expression and location of proteases necessary to cleave spike. In addition, autophagosomes execute autophagy, which delivers intracellular contents to the lysosome. In the early 2000s, researchers redefined the organization and function of the endosomal system. It contains an arsenal of hydrolases, including proteases, which are normally enclosed in membrane-bound organelles, but It thus appears that LBPA membranes have a dual role in degradation and transport, perhaps suggesting that these membranes have turnpike functions within the complex system of late endosomal internal membranes. However, 内体是真核细胞中由单层膜包裹形成的酸性囊泡结构，主要分为初级内体与次级内体两类。初级内体靠近细胞膜，通过受体介导的胞吞作用形成，其管状-小泡状网络结构中存在ATP驱动的质子泵维持pH5~6的酸性环境；次级内体接近细胞核，承担分拣功能并使配体与受体解离。该结构直径约500纳米，不含 Aug 11, 2018 · The endosomal system is a complex network of membrane-bound compartments that communicate and exchange components with each other. Our appreciation of how individual endosomes are We detail the structure, metabolism, distribution and role of these lipids in the endosome system as well as their importance in pathological conditions where modification of the endosomal membrane flow can lead to various diseases such as lipid-storage diseases, myopathies and neuropathies. This pathway starts at the plasma membrane instead of the ER. They sort cargo through tubular protrusions for recycling or through intraluminal vesicles for degradation. Sep 25, 2014 · Author Summary Salmonella enterica is an invasive, facultative intracellular bacterial pathogen. The endomembrane system is a system of membranous components. The basic mechanism of endocytosis is the reverse of what occurs during exocytosis or cellular secretion. 1 Endosomes control the recycling of membrane components, thereby Various membrane trafficking pathways transport molecules through the endosomal system of eukaryotic cells, where trafficking decisions control the localisation and activity of a diverse repertoire of membrane protein cargoes. Membranes along the endocytic pathway exhibit differences in lipid composition. Endosomes play a fundamental role in numerous diseases and pathogenic states, and are therefore of critical medical significance. Also, learn about its maturation and endosomal transport pathway. 3 The Endomembrane System The endomembrane system (endo = “within”) is a group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that works together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins. Dec 17, 2018 · Endosomal membrane systems fed by CIE provide membrane and lipid for signalling and machinery for cargo sorting As mentioned earlier, CIE membranes can provide a good container for forming macropinosomes. Components that have been endocytosed by several pathways are delivered to a common early Sep 13, 2024 · In the endogenous setting, far fewer motors associate with endosomal membranes relative to effectors, implying coordination of transport with other aspects of endosome physiology through GTPase-regulated mechanisms. It plays a central role in determining the composition of the plasma membrane and is thus critical for normal cellular homeostasis. . Internalized membrane proteins enter early endosomes and can either be recycled to the cell surface or sorted to the lumen of late endosomes and Endosomes Endosomes are membrane-bound vesicles that have a very important role in the endocytic pathway. Feb 2, 2019 · This endosomal membrane system also connects with endosomes entering through CME (figure 1). Oct 1, 2001 · In addition to the basic machinery of yeast cells, mammalian cells are likely to have evolved a more elaborate endosomal membrane system to ensure optimal regulation and reutilization of proteins Dec 12, 2018 · Various membrane trafficking pathways transport molecules through the endosomal system of eukaryotic cells, where trafficking decisions control the localisation and activity of a diverse repertoire of membrane protein cargoes. SETTING THE STAGE: THE ENDOSOMAL SYSTEM The endosomes of eukaryotic cells are at center stage in controlling the reutilization vs degradation of membrane components, and thus regulate fundamental cellular processes in nutrient uptake, immunity, signaling, adhesion, membrane turnover and development. It includes the membranes of the nucleus, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, endosomes, vesicles, and the cell membrane. Feb 9, 2016 · The endosomal network is a dynamic and interconnected “highway” system that allows for the vectorial trafficking and transfer of cargoes between distinct membrane-bound compartments. Lysosomes, on the other hand, are primarily involved in the degradation of macromolecules. Endosomal membrane systems fed by CIE provide membrane and lipid for signalling and machinery for cargo sorting As mentioned earlier, CIE membranes can provide a good container for forming macropinosomes. Tethering of vesicles to early endosomes is mediated by the class C core May 28, 2025 · A study presents EndoMAP. 116 Despite several internalization routes, the early endosome is the The combined data on TGN-to-endosome transport of lysosomal hydrolases and lysosomal membrane proteins suggest the existence of multiple TGN exits for direct delivery to the endosomal system (Fig. Apr 1, 2021 · The endo-lysosome protein quality control (PQC) system is comprised of a variety of E3 ubiquitin (Ub) ligases, adaptors, and chaperones that target unwanted endocytic membrane proteins. Endocytosis) The final pathway through the endomembrane system is the endocytic pathway, also known as endocytosis. The endosomal system comprises a complex network of organelles and membrane subdomains with important functions in signal transduction, nutrient uptake, pathogen destruction and/or propagation and May 9, 2016 · Vesicles that are generated by endocytic events at the plasma membrane are destined to early endosomes. The recent discovery of cell-penetrating molecules of exceptionally high endosomal escape and cytosolic delivery efficiencies and elucidation of their mechanism The endosomal network is a dynamic and interconnected “highway” system that allows for the vectorial trafficking and transfer of cargoes between distinct membrane-bound compartments. Nov 3, 2003 · The endocytic pathway is a dynamic system that functions in the cellular housekeeping by internalization, sorting, and breakdown of macromolecules (1). Aug 1, 2012 · Summary. Oct 2, 2025 · Endosomes articles from across Nature Portfolio Atom RSS Feed Endosomes are membrane-delimited intracellular transport carriers. A prerequisite for proper fusion is the tethering of two membrane entities. Lysosomes, on the other hand, are primarily involved in the degrad … Jun 1, 2025 · Eukaryotic cells depend on their endolysosomal system for membrane protein and organelle turnover, plasma membrane quality control, or regulation of their nutrient uptake. [7] The ESCRT complexes are needed for membrane-cutting events in the cell: MVBs (Multivesicular Bodies) are used to sort and recycle cell component, then viruses like HIV-1 bud off from the cell, and during the final steps of cell division Dec 24, 2024 · The intracellular membrane system constitutes a set of membranes and organelles that are structurally and functionally interrelated, encompassing the plasma membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and endosomes. Endosomes serve as critical intermediates in the vesicular trafficking system Sep 13, 2021 · Intraluminal vesicles accumulate within the endosomal lumen before lysosomal delivery or extracellular release. In view of the significant potential for developing EVs as drug delivery systems, this review discusses the interaction of EVs with biological membranes en route to cargo delivery, highlighting the reported techniques for studying EV internalization and intracellular trafficking, EV-membrane fusion, endosomal permeabilization, and cargo Although long regarded as a conduit for the degradation or recycling of cell surface receptors, the endosomal system is also an essential site of signal transduction. Some of the core machineries involved in the endosomal system Various materials interact with the endosomal/lysosomal membrane mainly through electrostatic interactions and increase the instability of the membrane to promote endosomal/lysosomal escape (Fig. Oct 20, 2009 · Although long regarded as a conduit for the degradation or recycling of cell surface receptors, the endosomal system is also an essential site of signal transduction. Jun 16, 2022 · Biology definition: Endomembrane system is a system of membranes within a cell that serves as a single functional and developmental unit. In a strict sense, endosomal compartments are temporal sorting stations where the fate of endocytosed cargo is determined. For example, deactivation of signalling receptors is regulated by compartmentalization. lysosome. 3 E). The budding yeast Saccharomyces Endosomes are membrane-bound vesicles that are involved in the transportation and sorting of internalized material. v1, a resource that combines information on protein interactions and crosslink-supported structural predictions to map the interaction landscape of early endosomes. It includes a variety of organelles, such as the nuclear envelope and lysosomes, which you may already know, and the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, which we will cover shortly. The budding yeast Jul 1, 2014 · Vacuolar regions containing intralumenal vesicles (ILVs) detach, or mature, from early endosomes and become free MVBs (multivesicular bodies) or ECVs (endosomal carrier vesicles) (Fig. Viruses have developed complex mechanisms to penetrate the endosomal membrane and have evolved to co-opt several host factors to facilitate endosomal escape. Continued research in this field promises to reveal new insights into cellular biology and potential therapeutic applications. In this review, we discuss in depth the several types of endocytic pathways involved in the endolysosomal trapping of therapeutic agents. Read more here. May 5, 2024 · In this context, the endolysosomal system can rapidly adapt to maintain homeostasis balance by spatiotemporal exploitation of specific arsenal to generate membrane reservoirs from endosomal organelles (Fig. Apr 21, 2025 · The complexity of endosomal systems reflects their central role in cellular organization and function. Feb 25, 2024 · The maturation process of phagosomes and endosomes involves several crucial steps, including early endosome formation, maturation to late endosomes, cargo sorting, recycling, degradation, fusion with lysosomes, membrane trafficking, and exit from the endosomal system. Mar 28, 2017 · The endosomal system constitutes a key negotiator between the environment of a cell and its internal affairs. The endocytic network caters to the Endosomes and lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles crucial for the normal functioning of the eukaryotic cell. Learn its types, structure, and functions. These membranes divide the cell into functional and structural compartments, or organelles. Our expertise in endosomal trafficking and membrane fusion allows us to develop novel macro molecule delivery systems based on bio-inspired approaches. k. The endosomal system comprises a complex network of organelles and membrane sub-domains with important functions in signal transduction, nutrient uptake, pathogen destruction and/or propagation, and other essential processes 1,2. Abstract Intracellular delivery of biological agents such as peptides, proteins, and nucleic acids generally rely on the endocytic pathway as the major uptake mechanism, resulting in their entrapment inside the endosome and lysosome. The Endocytic Pathway (a. It also evaluates strategies to enhance endosomal escape of LNP and outlines imaging and The endosomal membrane recycling system represents a dynamic conduit for sorting and re-exporting internalized membrane constituents. In this context, the endolysosomal system can rapidly adapt to maintain homeostasis balance by spatiotemporal exploitation of specific arsenal to generate membrane reservoirs from endosomal organelles (Fig. The transfer of materials between compartments is typically accomplished through vesicular transport. In this study, we report a novel in vitro system for studying virus fusion with endosomal membranes. Activated receptors accumulate in endosomes, and certain signaling components are Oct 10, 2022 · The endosomal system controls signalling involved in metabolic physiology by tuning the trafficking and distribution of key proteins. The endocytic network comprises a vast and intricate system of membrane-delimited cell entry and cargo sorting routes running between biochemically and functionally distinct intracellular compartments. However, there are other tethering functions in the endosomal system as there are multiple pathways through which proteins can be delivered from endosomes to either the TGN or the plasma membrane. [11][12] Recycling endosomes are concentrated at the microtubule organizing center and consist of a mainly tubular network. This ensures that the lipid is only positively charged under acidic conditions like those found within the endosomal compartment. Mar 16, 2021 · Endosomes are membrane-bound cytosolic vesicles with three major compartments namely early, late, and recycling endosomal compartments. The vesicle content passes through a series of discontinuous closed membrane systems called endosomal compartments. Aug 1, 2024 · Current state-of-the art strategies [Table 1] mainly involve visualizing intracellular trafficking of the cargo and delivery system or membrane perturbations associated with endosomal escape [75]. Endosomal protein complexes then recognize ubiquitinated membrane proteins and sort them into vesicles inside the endosomal lumen, giving rise to multivesicular endosomes or MVBs. The endomembrane system (endo - = “within”) is a group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that works together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins. The recycling system is composed of multiple tubulovesicular recycling pathways that likely confer distinct The endosomal system is vital as an extension of the plasma membrane in signalling and cell regulation. This system comprises various membrane-bound organelles, including early endosomes (EEs), recycling endosomes (REs), late endosomes (LEs), lysosomes, lysosome-related organelles (LROs), and other specialized organelles (Table 1). 2. There are three main forms of autophagy: macroautophagy, characterized by the formation of double-membrane autophagosomes; chaperone-mediated autophagy, which depends on transmembrane receptors in the endosome/lysosome limiting membrane; and microautophagy, which includes internalization by invagination of the endosomal/lysosomal membrane Aug 1, 2024 · Despite much research in this field, endosomal escape continues to be a significant obstacle to the development of effective gene/drug delivery systems. This endosomal membrane system also connects with endo-somes entering through CME (figure 1). This could thus serve new formation of membranes, as well as for both cargo trafficking and sorting. Endosomes and lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles crucial for the normal functioning of the eukaryotic cell. Activated receptors accumulate in endosomes, and certain signaling components are exclusively localized to endosomes. An endosome is a membrane-bound compartment within cells that plays a crucial role in the transport and sorting of internalized materials. These membranes divide the cell into different functional and structural compartments or organelles. These organelles form during the endocytic process, where the cell membrane engulfs extracellular substances, leading to the formation of vesicles that mature into endosomes. Sep 23, 2023 · The events immediately preceding fusion of the viral and endosomal membranes are incompletely understood. These activities depend on the function of a type III secretion system and its 内膜系统的图示 内膜系统 （英语：endomembrane system）是由存在于 真核细胞 内，在结构、功能上具有连续性的且由 单位膜 包被的 细胞器 或结构。 这些生物膜将细胞质与分布于其中的细胞器細分为不同的区域，使各种反应能在独立的部位顺利进行。在 真核细胞 中，内膜系统的组成包括 核膜 、 内质 The endocytic pathway is a system specialized for the uptake of compounds from the cell microenvironment for their degradation. However, a picture emerges in which modular protein complexes assemble on membranes to act as specific tethers. LEs serve as a second trafficking hub and sorting station in the endosomal system. The ubiquitinated targets are sorted by endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) complexes into the lumen of the lysosome for degradation. At endosomes and lysosomes, the multisubunit complexes CORVET and HOPS tether membranes by binding both their cognate Rab Sep 1, 2025 · This review summarize the promising strategies that facilitate siRNA overcoming endosomal/lysosomal barriers, including promoting escape once endocytosis into the endosomes/lysosomes and bypassing lysosomes via endosome-Golgi-ER pathway or nonendocytosis pathway. We aim to provide novel insights for the development of siRNA delivery systems. That is to say that in many cases cargo entering by CIE and by CME meet up in the early endosome, which is defined by the presence of Rab5. These parts, made of phospholipid bilayers, work together for protein and lipid synthesis, modification, transport, and recycling within the cell. Download: Download high-res image (194KB) Download For delivery of their genome to the host cell cytoplasm and to avoid degradation, viruses have to escape this endosomal compartment without host detection. Jul 1, 2014 · We detail the structure, metabolism, distribution and role of these lipids in the endosome system as well as their importance in pathological conditions where modification of the endosomal membrane flow can lead to various diseases such as lipid-storage diseases, myopathies and neuropathies. Our knowledge on different tethers in the endosomal system is still quite limited. Marker; RAB11. In this pathway, material is brought in from the exterior of the cell to the endosome. It does not include the membranes of mitochondria In some neurons, a distinct recycling endosome is positioned between the early endosome and plasma membrane in the recycling pathway. Maturation of endosomes and/or autophagosomes into a lysosome creates an In addition to this, the late endosomal membrane (and consequently the lysosome) contains a peculiar and unique lipid named BMP or LBPA, which is not found in any other organelle membrane. Plant endosomes have some unique features, with an organization distinct from that of yeast or animal cells. Tethering of vesicles to early endosomes is mediated by the class C Nov 13, 2015 · Endosomes and Endocytosis Endosomes are membrane-bound vesicles, formed via a complex family of processes collectively known as endocytosis, and found in the cytoplasm of virtually every animal cell. This influences the distribution of membrane-associated proteins and the functions of the endosomal system. These compartments are involved in a great many cellular functions, including the processing of proteins that are destined for export from the cell, dealing with proteins that have been brought in from the outside of the cell, lipid synthesis Feb 17, 2023 · Endomembrane System What is the Endomembrane System The endomembrane (endo means within) system is a set of membranes in eukaryotic cells spreading from the nuclear membrane to the plasma membrane. Compare endosome vs. Along the endocytic pathway, endosomes are among the most versatile organelles. Arf6 functions at the PM and on endosomal membranes fed by CIE, and Arf6 activation is required for recycling of this membrane back to the cell surface. Vesicles that are generated by endocytic events at the plasma membrane are destined to early endosomes. This innovation allowed lipid-based nanocarriers to maintain a neutral charge at physiological pH, reducing cytotoxicity while still promoting EE through charge interaction with the endosomal membrane [8]. Endosomes also transport material from the Golgi body to lysosomes, and they provide an environment for The numerous processes performed by the endosomal and lysosomal systems include the uptake of extracellular molecules and ligands; the internalization of PM proteins and lipids; the recycling of proteins into the Golgi apparatus, TGN, and the plasma membrane; the regulation of cell signaling pathways; and the degradation of proteins from the The endosomal system is vital as an extension of the plasma membrane in signalling and cell regulation. Therefore additional measures must be adopted to promote endosomal escape of the nucleic acid delivery system. This means that the spatial distribution of receptors in the cytoplasm can modulate signalling. Aug 17, 2021 · The fact that highly polarised growth of infectious hyphae is strongly dependent on endosomal transport along microtubules makes it an ideal system to study membrane‐coupled mRNA transport and translation (Haag et al, 2015). The system of tubules and vesicles that sorts and recycles molecules internalized from the plasma membrane is extremely complex. The ESCRT system is like a team of cellular machines of ESCRT protein complexes and accessory proteins that help manage and remodel cell membranes. These steps are essential for cellular homeostasis, signaling regulation, and efficient material processing. The function of the endosomal network is to collect internalized cargoes, sort, and disseminate them to their final destinations [44]. Each mechanism’s effectiveness and potential application in mitigating endosomal entrapment are scrutinized. Type III secretion systems are found in bacteria such The endosomal recycling pathway lies at the heart of the membrane trafficking machinery in the cell. A Brief Introduction to the Endo-Lysosomal System To understand endosomal escape and payload release, it is important to understand the endosomal system and its dynamics (21, 24). Its diverse functions span not only nutrient acquisition, but also regulation of membrane composition and signaling at many different levels, affecting fundamental cell functions such as growth and polarity. It involves the invagination (folding inward) of a cell’s plasma membrane to surround Feb 12, 2025 · VARP binds SNX27 to promote the assembly of the SNX27/Retromer/ESCPE-1 endosomal supercomplex on membranes. Early endosomes are the first compartment where the internalized payload resides once it has been endocytosed by a cell. [13] Aug 29, 2023 · What is an endosome. It is composed of primary endocytic vesicles, early endosomes, late endosomes, and lysosomes. Jun 14, 2006 · Once operational, the system spans three membranes: the inner and outer membranes of the bacterium and the plasma membrane of the host cell. 1), which eventually fuse with the late endosomes (LEs). Consequently, the mechanisms by which translocation is mediated, the efficiencies with which this is achieved, and the cellular responses that accompany delivery may all be distinct. Abstract Organelles within the endomembrane system are connected via vesicle flux. Membrane-bound organelles destined for the late endosome bud from the early endosome and are transported in a retrograde fashion toward the cell interior. a. Two clearly defined endosomal compartments have been studied Jul 1, 2024 · We meticulously analyze the use of smart nanocarriers, exploring diverse mechanisms such as pore formation, proton sponge effects, membrane destabilization, photochemical disruption, and the strategic use of endosomal escape agents. From the endosome, it can go several places: 9. It includes the nuclear envelope, lysosomes, vesicles, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus. They are involved with the movement of material internalized from the plasma membrane to lysosomes for degradation, or they may recycle the material back to the plasma membrane itself. A new study reports the development of an elegant assay showing that these vesicles can escape from the endosomal lumen by ‘back-fusion’ or ‘retrofusion’ with the endosomal limiting membrane. Furthermore, proteins that may be part of novel tethering complexes have been recently identified. All material eventually ends up in the lytic environment of the lysosome for cellular recycling. Thus, it is likely that more tethering factors exist. Mar 14, 2025 · 1 INTRODUCTION The endosomal-lysosomal system consists of a range of organelles responsible for internalizing, recycling, and regulating various cargo molecules, which is an essential part of the endocytosis pathway and plays a vital role in normal cellular function, such as cellular homeostasis, cell growth and proliferation. Within mammalian host cells, Salmonella inhabits a specialized membrane-bound compartment, the Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV), redirects host cell vesicular transport and massively remodels the endosomal system. Sorting involves numerous machineries, which mediate fission of endosomal transport intermediates and fusion with other 1. Apr 1, 2016 · The endosomal system as an analogue-digital computer The cytoplasm is not homogeneous, and the concentration of molecules can change in space. Endosomes are a heterogeneous collection of organelles that function in the sorting and delivery of internalized material from the cell surface and the transport of materials from the Golgi to the lysosome or vacuole. We validated the system by demonstrating the low pH dependencies of influenza and Lassa virus fusion. Therefore, we have applied our know-how of endosomal transport to explore the uptake mechanisms and endosomal escape in collaboration with pharmaceutical companies. Receptors can Jan 4, 2021 · The endo-lysosome protein quality control (PQC) system is comprised of a variety of E3 ubiquitin (Ub) ligases, adaptors, and chaperones that target unwanted endocytic membrane proteins. Although not technically within the cell, the plasma membrane is included in the Sep 9, 2015 · In the early 2000s, researchers redefined the organization and function of the endosomal system. Sep 30, 2015 · The endosomal-lysosomal system is made up of a set of intracellular membranous compartments that dynamically interconvert, which is comprised of early endosomes, recycling endosomes, late endosomes, and the lysosome. Introduction to the Endomembrane System The endomembrane system consists of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and endosomes. Jan 8, 2021 · Insights gained from studies on PM tension control raise questions regarding intracellular membranes: Do cells sense and regulate membrane tension throughout the endosomal-lysosomal system to direct endomembrane trafficking, and how? One way this could be achieved is by controlled osmotic shifts imposed by the transport of solutes. Endosomes and lysosomes interact through two distinct pathways: kiss A prime example of an organelle ensemble that is subject to this dynamic control is the endolysosomal system. ey 5i jxf sn64zx kdnvzbjt izc ogb cmbg kfu791 ts